phragmites root system
While the primordium grows towards the window, the cortical cells collapse. Alternatively micrographs were taken on colour slide film Fuji Velvia 50 ASA. P. australis exhibits a combination of long, thick, unbranched roots that penetrate the substrate, plus smaller, much-branched roots infiltrating the water and surface layers of the sediment. Those spots contained no detectable lignin and suberin material. Phragmites spread using a rhizome root system, and are frequently used as a habitat for many varied species of birds. They provide an important home … The cell walls of the apical meristem and middle cortex were easily digested with concentrated H2SO4. 0000051221 00000 n The lysigenous channels developed in that part of the root already possessing suberised and/or lignified exodermis. (d) Penetration of berberine into the nodal root at its base after 30 min exposure indicated by yellow fluorescence (root length 18 cm, laterals 40 mm from tip, bar, 100 µm). (a,b,c) penetration of HIO4 into the nodal root tissue after 30 min exposure indicated by violet coloration; transverse sections at 3 mm (a), 7 mm (b) and base (c) (root length 20 cm; youngest laterals 55 mm from tip, bar, 100 µm). Products To Physically Manage Phragmites- Aquatic Vegetation Groomer (AVG) The AVG is a gas powered underwater aquatic weed cutter that was especially designed to cut down Phragmites at their root base. While long-term, low intensity grazing by goats and cattle has shown to decrease Phragmites density, it does not impact the root system. (a,b) Transverse sections taken 25 mm (a) and 50 mm (b) from the tip of root grown in well‐aerated soil (root length, 80 mm; laterals emerged at 70 mm from tip), showing the relationship of the development of exodermis and endodermis, stained with berberine – aniline blue and viewed with blue light to show Casparian bands fluorescing yellow‐green. The flowers, which appear in late summer, grow in a dense cluster. Secondary axis – distance of the first (the youngest) visible lateral from the root tip. In the fully matured root regions it was finally limited only to the epidermis and the outer‐most exodermal layer or to the epidermis only (Fig. It has rigid, many-noded stems and hollow internodes. (f) Longitudinal section through the root apex penetrated by Fe2+, indicated by blue precipitate; (root length, 80 mm, no laterals, bar, 200 µm). Phragmites is a robust erect perennial grass, aquatic or subaquatic, growing to 4 m in height (occasionally 6 m), strongly tufted, with an extensive rhizome system. The lake, situated in northeastern Poland, ... “Repeated cutting of the green growth above ground will eventually exhaust the root system,” McGrath chimes in. An Olympus BX50 microscope with digital camera Olympus E 10 were used to record images. In this case the callus seems to be an ordinary part of root development. Both, lignification and suberisation, started in the outermost layer of hypodermis. the root system of the common reed (Phragmites australis [Cav.] d� ��A"@�;! Leaf persistence: on dead non-native stems, leaf sheaths are difficult to remove, whereas on dead native stems, leaf sheaths are easily removed or fall off by themselves. Phragmites, an invasive waterfront plant can be eradicated without carcinogenic chemicals. A root system which does not arise from such a combination, such as the systems A 2, B 2, and G … (c) Transverse section of nodal root with lateral sealed in the outer cortex by collar of lignified cells, arrow. The distribution of Fe2+ is most likely strongly affected by chemical properties of cell wall material. When compared with the exodermis lignin and suberin deposition in the cell walls of endodermis, detected with used methods, appeared later (Fig. The distance from the root tip to the place where the permeability was minimal varied considerably in different types of roots. Phragmites is a very aggressive and opportunistic plant that reproduces by seeds and by a spreading root system. Since the herbicide needs to work into the underground rhizome and root system to be most effective, the key to using the products involves allowing the Phragmites stem to flower out. The name Phragmites is derived from the Greek term phragma, meaning fence, hedge, or screen. Rhizomes can grow up to 30 feet in length each year. It covered the hypodermis (Fig. Phytoremediation using Phragmites australis roots of polluted water with metallic trace elements (MTE). 0000191615 00000 n Because the resistant cell walls did not show the presence of any detectable lipid material, this behaviour can hardly be attributed to presence of suberin, as suggested by Johansen (1940). Whether this hypothesis is valid or not requires further research, but the spatial relationship between exodermal differentiation and the formation of lysigenous lacunae seems to exist. 0000004394 00000 n 63 41 The common reed (Phragmites australis), a cosmopolitan aquatic macrophyte, plays an important role in the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems.We compared bacterial community compositions (BCCs) and their assembly processes in the root-associated compartments (i.e., rhizosphere and endosphere) of reed and bulk sediment between summer … 0000169269 00000 n (c) Transverse section of nodal root, 10 mm from the tip stained with Sudan Red (root length 100 mm, with youngest lateral emerged 30 mm from the tip, from the water culture, bar, 30 µm). (c) Later, at 6 cm, Casparian bands of endodermis extended to the whole width of radial cell wall and lignification was detected with HCl – phloroglucinol (bar, 25 µm). According to our observation, in Phragmites the exodermis develops quite early and its lignification and suberisation precedes even those of the endodermis. Spearman‐rank correlations were used to test the relationship between data sets. -g�-�^9!���M� [��8�E���B |X���bn�9l];���p��q4�k�x�~u4o��2�L����o}9�ٴ�x���r���l�4����m��i�\��s��8�ݻy��9>������%v�)�je�x��͗S��t�&O�^����/Ӟ+~��h\�����[��p��c�,�ke���Ze�k�{������ߧ!-���p�*��� mH��=i��-H[�%�H��9� xref Phragmites: lateral roots. (h) Transverse section through the root segment where laterals emerged (not in their middle plane), cells of collars (arrowheads) surrounding the laterals in outer cortex of parental root showed higher permeability than neighboring exodermis, note also some positive response in stele of the nodal root (arrow), after 30 min exposure to HIO4 (bar, 100 µm). Error bars in the plots indicate standard error of the means. This aggressive plant grows and spreads easily, quickly out-competing native species for water and nutrients. 0000002142 00000 n The exodermis with suberised cell walls provides an effective apoplastic barrier for many nonwetland (Peterson & Perumalla, 1984; Peterson & Perumalla, 1990; Gierth et al., 1998) and even several aquatic species (Barnabas, 1996; Seago et al., 1999; Seago et al., 2000a,b) and was proved to be crucial to limit radial losses of oxygen in Phragmites (Armstrong et al., 2000). Phragmites: the relationship between growth rate (circles) of nodal root and the position of emergence of the youngest lateral (diamonds), relative to the nodal root tip. Although it grows in all wetlands, it is often found growing in roadside ditches. 5c). The high permeability of tracers in the zone of developing root primordia was observed in places with nonimpregnated gaps in exodermis opposite the growing laterals (Fig. Stems can be 6 to 16 feet tall with 80 percent of the biomass below ground in the root structure. The wavy appearance of radial cell walls was considered to be quite a common feature of the developing exodermis (Seago et al., 1999). Details of endodermis and of hypodermis are magnified in lower corners of micrographs (width of insets, 130 µm). 0000001997 00000 n x�b```b``����� k� Ā B�@Q� ����zd��$�zRl�P�>e�[b�UB����&��+��7R��)}~TB�L�f`���i�E��^�[���űk�^װض���quw�-tc)bѫ�6���7`3w���@Ӽ8�Xt���նE�m�� ��-�1�B�.�PP" UW6��(L��>�q ���` A�� r|�?0O �;`�* Invasive Phragmites is a subspecies known as Phragmites australis subsp. americanus Saltonstall, PM Peterson & Soreng , native lineage (1999) hypothesised that the exodermis plays a role in retention of a sufficient level of ethylene that can induce the formation of aerenchyma. australis, and is closely related to the native subspecies americanus. In fact, grazing at the wrong time of the year can increase Phragmites stem density (Great Lakes Phragmites Collaborative 2015). Density: Stands of non-native Phragmites are typically … endstream endobj 72 0 obj[92 0 R] endobj 73 0 obj<>stream 3a,b). The rhizomatous roots of phragmites have an allelopathic effect on other plants, inhibiting root growth in the soil thereby weakening the growth neighboring plants. It is generally accepted that Casparian bands of the endodermis and their lignification and/or suberisation appeared closer to the root tip than those of the exodermis (Perumalla & Peterson, 1986; Fahn, 1990). The emergence of the lateral from the nodal root was followed by the formation of a collar of expanded or hypertrophied cells that lignified (Fig. 0000009890 00000 n Their detection depended on the method used. 1c) at sites of adjacent cortical cells in the most apical part of the root were limited only to the middle cortex. It might be questioned whether this is really the shape of the Casparian strip or pattern resulting from presence of Casparian strip and lignification of tangential cell wall. 10 mm from tip). The formation of lysigenous channels started later, in the region where lignification and/or suberisation of exodermis were already recorded (Fig. Such ‘windows’ were also observed by Justin & Armstrong (1987), Votrubová & Pecháčková (1996) and Armstrong et al. ��P�N�A�q���3�#m��֑��єɬ8Ɵ��mb|y�Kh�0�I�$Q P���`���#�K;i5�#�=�cK�LA�N��D�. 0000002574 00000 n The vigorous and extensive root system of this plant can produce up to 200 stems per square yard. After prolonged treatment (more than 1 h), all tracers were also found in protoplasts. When primordium emerges, the outer‐most layers of the cortex and epidermis are ruptured creating a mound that surrounds the base of the growing lateral. A suberin lamella, covering whole cell wall (Fig. II. Used tracers easily penetrated most of the examined laterals, and subsequently also tissues of the parental root. This hold true also for roots from well‐aerated soil and the pattern thus does not seem to be affected by growing conditions. 0000169902 00000 n 4a,b). 0000002285 00000 n Root segments can also produce new plants. If those windows are obscured by injury‐induced lignification, the laterals fail to emerge from the root and grow longitudinally, imprisoned in the cortex of parental root (Armstrong et al., 1996b; Armstrong & Armstrong, 1999). 3a,b). 1a,b), which usually consisted of two or three outer cell layers of exodermis and an inner, two‐layered sclerenchymatous ring. Higher permeability of the ‘collar’ might be expected as only lignification but not suberisation, which seems to be more efficient (Kolattukudy, 1984), was detected. (f,g) Tangential section through outer cortex and rhizodermis after digestion with H2SO4 (f) the almost isodiametric cells of ‘proexodermis’, 2–4 mm from the tip, were resistant to digestion (g) resistant cell walls of exodermis, 100 mm from the tip, exhibit waviness (root length, 160 mm, from the water culture, bar, 50 µm). VS 96145 and J13/98113100004 of the Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic. The epidermis of mature roots was never lignified or suberised (Fig. Reed is an emergent macrophyte dominating European wetlands. The water quality index analysis in this research showed that it contributed to removing approximately 56%, 48%, and 13% of the total N, P, and organic matter, respectively, in our study system. Mechanical disturbance (A. Soukup, unpublished) or the presence of phytotoxic compounds (Armstrong et al., 1996b,c; Armstrong & Armstrong, 2001) are examples of adverse factors inducing abnormal development. 0000050689 00000 n 0000191901 00000 n 4e). The plant can reach heights of 19.6 feet (6 m), and the invasive nature of its root structure means it is often thought of as a nuisance, and is sometimes removed so it does not interfere with other plant life and shorelines. As the internal aeration (longitudinal transport of oxygen through the root air spaces) has a limited capacity, an increased distance along which radial oxygen loss is not prevented may lead to a depletion of oxygen before it can reach the root tip. 0000001540 00000 n This spatial relationship of differentiation was recorded in roots from stagnant hydroponic cultivation as well as from well‐aerated soil. At the root tip, where neither the exodermis nor the endodermis was mature, all tracers penetrated root tissues up to its centre (Fig. 4c,d), but no suberisation was found there, and sealed the cortex of the nodal root from the surrounding. The final stages of development included irregular deposition of new layers of lignified secondary cell wall to the interior of the existing walls, forming lignified U‐shaped thickenings (Fig. In Middle East countries Phragmites is used to create a small instrument similar to the clarinet called a sipsi, with either a single, as in the picture, or double pipes as in bagpipes. Rost’s conclusion applied also to the roots in our experiment where the position of a particular developmental event, for example the distance from the parent root tip where laterals emerged or changes of internal structure occurred (these were not evaluated statistically), depend on the growth rate of the root. Oxygen supply to the root will then be insufficient to cover either the needs of apical root meristem for oxygen or to create a sufficiently large oxygenated rhizosphere where oxidative removal of soil borne phytotoxins (Armstrong & Armstrong, 1988; Armstrong et al., 1996b) takes place. Common reed belongs to the Panicoideae subfamily and the Arundineae tribe . The exodermis above the root primordia lack impregnation and the inner part of hypodermis does not develop as sclerenchyma. In our study the exodermis was shown to restrict efficiently the apoplastic communication between the Phragmites root and the environment, except for the apical parts, where the impregnated exodermis was not yet developed, and for the sites opposite the primordia of the lateral roots, where the ‘windows’ in impregnation were found. 0000008640 00000 n 1g). First lysigenous aerenchyma channels (arrows) appeared in cortex with fine intercellular spaces (arrowheads). (a) Staining with Sudan Red is obvious in suberin lamellae of exodermis (ex) as well as endodermis (en); sr, sclerenchymatous ring. It There was a high correlation between the distance from the parent root apex of the youngest lateral root and the growth rate (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.75; n= 126). %PDF-1.6 %���� Stolons can grow dozens of Rhizomes can grow up to 30 feet in length each year. As such it has the ability to aggressively colonize large areas. Their development and spreading is connected with lysis of whole radial rows of cells as seems to be common in Poaceae (Justin & Armstrong, 1987). 6h). The observed resistance of the exodermal cell walls to digestion at the beginning of their differentiation was also found in Typha (Seago et al., 1999) and considered to be the first detectable modification of cell wall. The process was not synchronised precisely within the single cell layer. Oxygen concentrations in the primary pea root apex as affected by growth, the production of laterals and radial oxygen loss, Casparian band‐like structures in the root hypodermis of some aquatic angiosperms, A berberine – aniline blue fluorescent staining procedure for suberin, lignin, and callose in plant tissue, Efficient lipid staining in plant material with sudan red 7B or fluorol yellow 088 in polyethylene glycol, The endodermis, its structural development and physiological role, Programmed cell death and aerenchyma formation in roots, Organic acids in the sediment of wetland dominated by, A rapid fluorescence technique to probe the permeability of the root apoplast, Plant microtechnique: some principles and new methods, An analytical microscopical study on the role of the exodermis in apoplastic Rb+ (K+) transport in barley roots, Growth and reproduction of cells in roots, Formation of aerenchyma and the processes of plant ventilation in relation to soil flooding and submergence, The anatomical characteristics of roots and plant response to soil flooding, Biochemistry and function of cutin and suberin, Deposition of Casparian bands and suberin lamellae in the exodermis and endodermis of young corn and onion roots, Significance of exodermis in root function, Structural and functional aspects of transport in roots, Structural modifications of the apoplast and their potential impact on ion uptake, The effect of lateral root outgrowth on the structure and permeability of the onion root exodermis, Development of the hypodermal Casparian band in corn and onion roots, A survey of angiosperm species to detect hypodermal Casparian bands. ɒ��H��I%IH��^I��&�$�=�j�ݒ�)9�2�@� �d��L s� d2��A&�9�2�@� ��lG�Ht-t��Z��ӵ��TdJ{~��,�ۙ���y�?���+�S�#]��dd#��@�K�E` �,�%�"�X� ��`�t-���3]�V�t�t�Z�:е�uɷ����)~%~�_���W����)~%~�_���W����)~%~�Sv�,�s����)YX*O½�գ�}Upʦ �S�:�b-d���ԋ���=_A�M�h�;��4�O�9��a�^��i�=f\���1�_{3�z��_ �gJ Based on observations of several wetland species Seago et al. 1d,ec. In distal region exodermis impregnation was prominent showing Y‐shaped Casparian bands (arrow) while no signs of impregnation were detected in endodermis. Trin. 1f, 2–4 mm from the tip) and resistance to digestion represented the first detectable change during differentiation of exodermis. Similar to other species (Peterson & Moon, 1993) the sealing collar is formed around laterals emerged from the nodal root. (g) Longitudinal section at 30 mm from the tip; sites above the developing root primordia remained permeable due to the lack of exodermal impregnation, after 60 min exposure to HIO4 (root length, 115 mm, laterals from 40 mm; bar, 200 µm). 0000002598 00000 n 1a,b,d,e). (HCl – phloroglucinol reaction; from the water culture, bar, 100 µm). Later, these narrow bands extended to the whole radial wall (Fig. Role de l’endoderme, Apoplastic barriers in roots: chemical composition of endodermal and hypodermal cell walls, Cortical development in roots of the aquatic plant, Development of the endodermis and hypodermis of, Development and structure of the root cortex in, Effect of nitrogen over‐supply on root structure of common reed, Growth studies of the root of incense cedar, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0028-646X.2001.00317.x. 0000169337 00000 n 1c). It spreads mostly by rhizomes rather than seed. 0000001602 00000 n 0000006105 00000 n 1a,b and 1d,e). Suberin lamellae, containing more aliphatic components of lipidic suberin (Schreiber et al., 1999), were detectable with Sudan Red staining. Phragmites has a root system which means the roots need to be destroyed to prevent the plant from coming back. 6a,f). Radial cell walls of the exodermis were sinuate (Fig. Extended bands were already lignified and/or suberised and, when examined on tangential sections, radial cell walls of endodermis appeared sinuous. 1e), was observed in the same root region as a Casparian band, or even closer to the root tip when stained with Sudan Red. In accord with the data of Schreiber et al. The patterns of periodic acid and berberine penetration were very similar. 0000121013 00000 n Phragmites: root structure. Two root systems may be combined by regarding the Euclidean spaces they span as mutually orthogonal subspaces of a common Euclidean space. Complete suberin lamellae of exodermis were detectable in the same parts of the root where Casparian bands occured. Cutting and/or burning Phragmites - Does that work to control it? Lysigenous channels, typical for middle cortex of phragmites, were never formed in the immediate neighbourhood of laterals. This was reported also for other species by Justin & Armstrong (1987) or Seago et al. Phragmites is found underground, in an intricate system of roots and rhizomes. The overall anatomical structure of the root could be considered quite typical for Poaceae (von Guttenberg, 1968). Differentiation of the exodermis started in the outermost layer and proceeded rapidly in a centripetal direction (compare Fig. This difference in shape can be attributed to differences in cell arrangement in the hypodermal layers of these two species. The first Casparian bands of the exodermis, detected with HCl‐phloroglucinol, occupied most of the radial walls (Fig. 6h,j). H�\�͊�0F�~ 0000005170 00000 n Primordia of laterals were initiated in the pericycle of the growing root earlier than lignification and/or suberisation of hypodermis was detected and it seems that primordia establishment somehow halts this process. When the lateral emerged from the root surface, a sealing collar was formed, but the permeability of HIO4 still remained higher than that of surrounding exodermis (Fig. Phragmites australis is of little value for grazing however, it plays a very important ecological role in wetlands by protecting the soil from flooding, filters the water and sometime becomes established in gullies to control soil erosion. startxref Despite that this development was often observed before (Esau, 1977; Fahn, 1990; McCully & Mallet, 1993; Charlton, 1996) its mechanism became clear. trailer Therefore, locations given in presented micrographs should be considered as informative and depending on growth rate of the root. ex Steudel), their enzymatic capabilities and systematic affiliation. Roots can be up to nine feet deep. Please check your email for instructions on resetting your password. Analysis of metals in the roots 0000007045 00000 n 4a,b,c). This feature was lost quite early in the ‘proexodermis’ (in almost isodiametric cells, Fig. <<0613E208F5BA694E9FCA637E7F29935A>]>> In recent years, the characterization of natural wetlands gained center stage owing to their contribution to the process of phytodepuration, whereby polluted sites are reclaimed to their natural status through … 0000050621 00000 n The scientific name of common reed is Phragmites australis (Cav.) It offers shelter to many bird species and other animals. 0000050408 00000 n Schreiber et al. Other issues include possible changes in nutrient cycling, negative impact on remaining native plants, and physical disturbance of fragile systems. 0000010487 00000 n 0000005105 00000 n 0000192159 00000 n Fine intercellular spaces, supplying the apical meristem with oxygen, were present in the middle cortex of the apical part of the nodal roots, in places of mutual contact of cortical cells. (d,e) Tangential sections of cortex of nodal root showing transverse sections of lateral roots; endodermis (en) and exodermis (ex) of lateral; HCl – phloroglucinol reaction d –section in outer cortex of parental root, where hypertrophied and lignified cells form the sealing collar (arrow) (from the water culture, bar, 100 µm). Phragmites spreads by horizontal above-ground stolons and underground rhizomes. 0000009299 00000 n The authors thank to Dr Jean Armstrong for a lot of help with finishing the manuscript. The developmental sequence, described in this work, seems to be common for nodal rhizome roots growing in absence of disturbing factors of environment. 6g). When focusing through, these spots were changing their position alternately from one to the other side of the cell wall. This seemed to be valid also for formation of lateral root primordia but it was not followed systematically and evaluated statistically. were found to be a common feature of the gas-path in Phragmites and evidently they form an important component of the gas-space system occurring within the nodal radial channels, the nodal d.aghragms and, rather unusually, the root-shoot junctions where they must confer a porosity which is higher than for most plants. Lignification and suberisation of the exodermal cell walls were detected a little further from the root tip (Fig. 0000007826 00000 n 2. Controlling Phragmites requires killing the existing root system. %%EOF Phragmites can invade a new site by wind dispersal of seeds, however, it spreads more readily by rhizomes. 5a,b). The cortex of nodal roots serves in gas transport. 0000010760 00000 n Disposal of Commingled CCR and Phragmites Roots in a CCR Landfill Cedric H. Ruhl, P.E.1, Thomas Maier, P.E., BCEE, ENV SP2 1 Wood Environment and Infrastructure Solutions, Inc., 4795 Meadow Wood Lane, Suite 310E, Chantilly, Virginia 20151 2 Wood Environment and Infrastructure Solutions, Inc., 2801 Yorkmont Road, Suite 100, Charlotte, North Carolina 28208 Lignified and suberised exodermis as well as sclerenchymatous cells were missing opposite the growing primordia of lateral roots (Fig. Stems can be 6 to 16 feet tall with 80 percent of the biomass below ground in the root structure. The onset of developmental events, measured as the distance from the root tip, depended greatly on the growth rate of a particular root. While passing through the cortex of the nodal root, the cells in front of the growing primordium collapsed and the outermost layers were disrupted. .g��)� v�����d�vĔ@��}�>�I0l㢛]uOU�ˏ��|�ߗ��i��/���L��4����e�����鮪�=�o������}z{�_���C��c]{�/����|}��V�ߖ�\���˟��k�{�����ަ�^7��P���j�9�~=�M���4�Z�����_ǥ����1͡(�T@Y��Q-*�j�ʨգ:ԀJ����գ5�jD��%k!kK��Q���(�ő���H:TD���O�g�'����Y� �,��l�'�P)��Z��Z��:��:ᔢ��)k�5��$$$�> �;!��%�wY�X����ӝPr�%%%%%%%_�=!�zBԟ���C,���V��%%��Y�ok���Y۳� ��%3���d��[N�9Jf�*����t0�0sP�PrP 0000003277 00000 n 0000120945 00000 n (1999). 63 0 obj <> endobj The exodermis, according to the definition of von Guttenberg (1968) and Peterson & Perumalla (1990), differentiated from two to three distinctive outermost hypodermal layers with suberised and lignified cell walls. 0000169060 00000 n Phragmites die-back: Bud and root death, blockages within the aeration and vascular systems and the possible role of phytotoxins J. Armstrong, W. Armstrong, W.H. 0000192185 00000 n ex Steud. 32 cm long root with laterals 25 mm behind the root tip) only a 3–5 mm long apical segment was penetrated, in young, quickly growing root without laterals (about 9 cm long) the limitation of tracer entrance was found about 25 mm from the tip. Sudan Red staining for suberin (a) and HCl – phloroglucinol reaction for lignin (b) (note that Sudan Red detected also lipidic membranes as seen in the primordium and some of the cortical cells) (bars, 100 µm). 3H2O as a precipitate of Prussian blue (Pearse, 1968). 0000002436 00000 n A similar feature in exodermal Casparian bands has already been reported in Typha and was called H‐type Casparian bands (Seago et al., 1999). Phragmites: exodermis and endodermis. 0 4a). Lysigenous channels were never recorded in the immediate vicinity of lateral root primordia (Fig. 5b). (1994) suggested that this distinct shape of radial cell walls could be connected with the development of Casparian bands. Rhizomes are underground horizontal stems that also send out roots and shoots to start new plants). Simple Casparian bands occurred along short distance of root (several mm) and were soon replaced by Y‐shaped impregnation (Fig. This aggressive behavior gives Phragmites the ability to change a diverse wetland system to a vegetative monoculture. This project was funded work no. 103 0 obj<>stream and you may need to create a new Wiley Online Library account. endstream endobj 64 0 obj<> endobj 65 0 obj<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 66 0 obj<> endobj 67 0 obj<> endobj 68 0 obj<> endobj 69 0 obj<> endobj 70 0 obj[88 0 R] endobj 71 0 obj<>stream 6i) and stele of nodal root was reached with the tracer via the vascular tissues of laterals (Fig. Primary axis – growth rate of nodal root. Phragmites australis root systems were sampled from triplicate plants growing in a Constructed Wetland plant located in Drarga (Souss-Massa region, southern Morocco) used as municipal wastewater tertiary treatment.
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