tai tham script

The following tables show how the above vowel sounds commonly map to characters or sequences of characters. Owen says that most archaic diphthongs have morphed into plain vowels in Khün speech, however the remnants of the former sounds are seen in the duplication of written forms for e: ɤː oː in the earlier table which are represented by a sequence of vowel-signs. 201704051121b HNM, Lamphun, Wat Lam Chang Inscription, Lanna A, Thai L, 1444, Wat Ton Phueng, Muang Nga, Muang District, Lamphun.jpg 2,004 × 2,868; 5.6 MB ᨲᩫ᩠ᩅ ᩋ [U+1A4B TAI THAM LETTER A], eg, ᩋᩨ᩠᩵ᨶ ᨨ [U+1A28 TAI THAM LETTER HIGH CHA], eg. ᨴ [U+1A34 TAI THAM LETTER LOW TA] , eg. . When writing Pali, only 33 consonants and 12 vowels are used. ᩉ᩠ᨾᩪᨶ᩶ᩭ ᩀᩣ᩠ᨠ ᩅᩢ᩠ᨶ 3 (1986): p. 2 (This second borrowing of Mon letters resulted in the well-known Tham script of Lan Na and beyond.) In bidirectional context it acts as Left To Right and is not mirrored. ᨠᩣ᩠ᩁ but not always. ᨠᩱ᩵ . The use of independent vowels is lexically constrained. I had not taught thee then, the Alphabet Of flowers, how they devisefully being set 10 And bound up, m... ...ng earth, and that forget to beare, Sooner that rivers will runne back, or Thames With ribs of Ice in June would bind his streames, 30 Or Nat... Full Text Search Details...a pair of dreadnought trousers; a blue jacket, for merly admired upon the Thames at Richmond; no stock ings; and one slipper. Phonetic transcriptions should be treated as an approximate guide, only. Complex context analysis, often involving dictionary lookup of some form, is required to determine non-emergency line breaks. ᨩᩭ᩵ One particularly noticeable example of contextual shaping is the realisation of ᨬ + ᩠ + ᨬ [U+1A2C TAI THAM LETTER NYA + U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT + U+1A2C TAI THAM LETTER NYA], which moves the initial character upwards rather than subjoining the second, ie. general page layout & progression; ᨧ [U+1A27 TAI THAM LETTER HIGH CA], eg. ᨩᩭ᩵ New Testament in Northern Thai Language / Thai Parallel Lanna Script / Thai Tham Script / Thailand Kam Mueang ᨭᩛ [U+1A2D TAI THAM LETTER RATA + U+1A5B TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN HIGH RATHA OR LOW PA]. . Notable features Lanna, also known as Tai Lanna and Tai Tham, was the script of the Lanna or Lan Na Kingdom, known as the Kingdom of a Million Rice Fields, which flourished in what is now northern Thailand between 1259 and 1558, when it was conquered by Burma and later taken over by Siam. . See the positions in the examples in fig_tone_plus_vowel. Dashes are used to indicate the location of a consonant or consonant cluster. Tai scripts like the modern Thai and Lao scripts, as well as the more esoteric Khom and Tham scripts, all can be traced back to the south Indian Pallava script and ultimately to the famous rock edicts of the Mauryan ruler Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. ᩮ–ᩬᩨᩡ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW + U+1A68 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN UUE + U+1A61 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN A], eg. Baggs was shot by some vil... Full Text Search Details...reat metropolitan castra stativa of gigantic crime, seated for ever on the Thames. Apart from a few New Tai Lue characters and Chinese punctuation marks, the design is the same as its predecessor, SIL Dai Banna (obsolete). ᩉᩱ᩠ᨿ᩵ The Northern Thai language is a close relative of Thai and member of the Chiang Saeng language family. ᩜ [U+1A5C TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN MA] typically used as the second element of the conjunct -mm-, or as an alternative to a subjoined m. ᨾ  ᩠ᨾ [U+1A3E TAI THAM LETTER MA], eg. ᨣ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨿ . . ᩮ–ᩨ– [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A68 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN UUE], eg. ᩈ [U+1A48 TAI THAM LETTER HIGH SA], eg. The following diacritics are sometimes used for syllable-final consonants. ᩀ [U+1A40 TAI THAM LETTER HIGH YA], eg. This table shows the comparison among Devanagari, Burmese, and Tai, including Tai Tham (Lanna and Khün) and Thai scripts. ᨦ  ᩠ᨦ [U+1A26 TAI THAM LETTER NGA], eg. . ᩒ [U+1A52 TAI THAM LETTER OO] is not used in Northern Thai.u,654. see examples of syllabic vowels in Ian James' rendition of Lanna, New Lanna at SkyKnowledge.com, Tai Tham fonts, Southeast Asian Unicode fonts for Windows computers, Alan Wood’s Unicode Resources, Commons category without a link on Wikidata, ISO/IEC 10646:2003/Amd.5:2008 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) -- Amendment 5: AMENDMENT 5: Tai Tham, Tai Viet, Avestan, Egyptian Hieroglyphs, CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C, and other characters. Syllable-initial clusters use 2 dedicated code points for the medial l, and a subjoined letter for medial w. Syllable-final consonant sounds can be written using Tai Tham. In Khün, consonants carry an inherent vowel a. . This list shows consonants in their normal and subjoined forms. The normal rendering of kp̄˖p̄ʰ would be ᨠᨻ᩠ᨽ but in some Tai Lü words this sign is used instead,e eg. If there is a vowel over or below a consonant or consonant stack, the tone mark follows the vowel in storage, and is displayed above or alongside the vowel. ᨠ᩠ᩅ᩠ᨿᩁ, In Northern Thai, however, they may all be stacked, eg. ᩉ᩠ᨶ [U+1A49 TAI THAM LETTER HIGH HA + U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT + U+1A36 TAI THAM LETTER NA], eg. Article Id: ᩉᩖ [U+1A49 TAI THAM LETTER HIGH HA + U+1A56 TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL LA], eg. The script has also continued to be taught in the monasteries. . The following letters can be used with other vowel-signs or in subjoined form to represent a vowel sound. Words in the Tai languages are mostly monosyllabic, however multi-syllable borrowings and compound words occur. ᩮ–ᩬᩨᩡ᩠ᨿ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW + U+1A68 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN UUE + U+1A61 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN A + U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT + U+1A3F TAI THAM LETTER LOW YA]. Placement of tone marks often involves special shaping and positioning. p. 4 (Originally, the Tham script had been the local Mon script of Lamphun or Hariphunchai around 1250-1300 A.D. which the Chiang Mai Thais used for religious matters; … ᨤᩫ᩠ᨶ Found 0 sentences matching phrase "Tai Tham script".Found in 4 ms. . The sakot, which produces stacks, is never visible. ᨦᩫ᩠ᨶ New Tai Lue; The Gaudi script or Proto-Bengali script is a Brahmic script classified as an abugida. WHEBN0017085002 However, the Unicode Consortium is currently examining the coding model for Tai Tham. ᩱ–᩠ᨿ [U+1A71 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN AI + U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT + U+1A3F TAI THAM LETTER LOW YA] , eg. . before a vowel sign that is displayed to the right or below, and appears over the consonant.e. . Plosives (วัคค์ ᩅᩢᨣ᩠ᨣ᩼ vagga) Non-plosives (อวัคค์ ᩋᩅᩢᨣ᩠ᨣ᩼ avagga) ᩋᩮᩨ᩠᩶ᨿ . In Northern Thai, however, this may be displayed as a single stack, ie. They may be used on their own, or in combination with others (see composite_vowels). It can be used with vowels at the beginning of a syllable, eg. ᩮ–ᩢᩤ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A62 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN MAI SAT + U+1A64 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN TALL AA], eg. The set includes a character to represent the inherent vowel sound, but doesn't cover all such possible vowels. See, U+1AA6 TAI THAM SIGN REVERSED ROTATED RANA, ᩮ ᩯ ᩱ ᩰ ᩣ ᩤ ᩡ ᩢ ᩥ ᩦ ᩧ ᩨ ᩩ ᩪ ᩭ ᩫ ᩬ ᩳ ᩠ ᨿ ᩠ ᩅ ᩋ ᩍ ᩎ ᩏ ᩐ ᩑ ᩒ ᨠ ᨡ ᨧ ᨨ ᨮ ᨲ ᨳ ᨸ ᨹ ᩀ ᩈ ᩆ ᩇ ᨺ ᩉ ᨯ ᨷ ᩋ ᨣ ᨥ ᨤ ᨦ ᨩ ᨫ ᨬ ᨭ ᨰ ᨱ ᨴ ᨵ ᨶ ᨻ ᨽ ᨾ ᩃ ᩊ ᩁ ᨿ ᩅ ᨪ ᨼ ᩌ ᩕ ᩖ ᩺ ᩙ ᩴ ᩘ ᩜ ᩝ ᩞ ᩛ ᩓ ᩔ ᩠ ᩵ ᩶ ᩼ ᪨ ᪩ ᪪ ᪫ ᪧ, 54 letters, 40 marks, 13 punctuation, 20 numbers : total 127, ᨠ ᨡ ᨣ ᨤ ᨥ ᨦ ᨧ ᨨ ᨩ ᨪ ᨫ ᨬ ᨭ ᨮ ᨯ ᨰ ᨱ ᨲ ᨳ ᨴ ᨵ ᨶ ᨷ ᨸ ᨹ ᨺ ᨻ ᨼ ᨽ ᨾ ᨿ ᩀ ᩁ ᩃ ᩅ ᩆ ᩇ ᩈ ᩉ ᩊ ᩋ ᩌ ᩍ ᩎ ᩏ ᩐ ᩑ ᩒ ᩓ ᩔ ᩕ ᩖ ᩘ ᩙ ᩛ ᩜ ᩝ ᩞ ᩠ ᩡ ᩢ ᩣ ᩤ ᩥ ᩦ ᩧ ᩨ ᩩ ᩪ ᩫ ᩬ ᩭ ᩮ ᩯ ᩰ ᩱ ᩳ ᩴ ᩵ ᩶ ᩺ ᩼ ᪀ ᪁ ᪂ ᪃ ᪄ ᪅ ᪆ ᪇ ᪈ ᪉ ᪧ ᪨ ᪩ ᪪ ᪫, ᩷ ᩸ ᩹ ᪐ ᪑ ᪒ ᪓ ᪔ ᪕ ᪖ ᪗ ᪘ ᪙ ᪠ ᪡ ᪢ ᪣ ᪤ ᪥ ᪦ ᪬ ᪭. For example, in ᨨ᩠ᩃᩣ᩠ᨯ the inherent vowel after c is not suppressed. ᨷᩢᨱ᩠ᨻᨷᩩᩁᩩᩇ, Khün uses ᨭᩛ [U+1A2D TAI THAM LETTER RATA + U+1A5B TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN HIGH RATHA OR LOW PA] instead of ᨮ [U+1A2E TAI THAM LETTER HIGH RATHA].e, ᩓ [U+1A53 TAI THAM LETTER LAE] represents the combination ᩃᩯ [U+1A43 TAI THAM LETTER LA + U+1A6F TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN AE], eg. . ᩱ– [U+1A71 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN AI], eg. CM (combining mark) takes on the behaviour of its base character. Dai Banna SIL is a Unicode font package for rendering New Tai Lue (Xishuangbanna Dai) characters.1It includes a complete set of New Tai Lue consonants, vowels, tones, and digits, along with punctuation and other useful symbols. A fake ethnonym (cf. ᩑᨠ but sometimes the special combining characters shown below are used. Other syllable-initial clusters include the combination of ᩉ [U+1A49 TAI THAM LETTER HIGH HA] plus a subjoined low class consonant to give a high class version, as mentioned just above. ᨠ᩠ᩅ᩠ᨿᩁ Speakers of this language generally consider the name "Tai Yuan" to be pejorative. ᩋᨾᩛ The Burmese and Tai Tham correspondents of the Thai ฆ ด ท ธ ฒ ณ บ พ ม ย ร ล ห look really similar to those of Khmer. Most rhymes ending in an approximant (j or w) are regular combinations of vowel nucleus and approximant coda, except that the j or w is usually subjoined to the preceding vowel-sign. The Tai Tham script, also known as Lanna script or Tua Mueang, is a writing system used for Northern Thai, Tai Lu, and Khun, all three belonging to the group of Southwestern Tai languages. Owen says that the superscript consonants in Kühn are limited to final r ( ᩺ [U+1A7A TAI THAM SIGN RA HAAM]) and ŋ ( ᩙ [U+1A59 TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN FINAL NGA​]) in syllables where a subscript vowel prevents the use of a subscript final consonant. This means that operations such as line-breaking, word highlighting, etc. This section lists 25 composite vowels (made from 13 vowel-signs, and 3 consonants/diacritics). ᨻ [U+1A3B TAI THAM LETTER LOW PA], eg. ᨿ  ᩠ᨿ [U+1A3F TAI THAM LETTER LOW YA], eg. This page gathers basic information about the Tai Tham script and its use for the Khün language. Not all consonants traditionally have subjoined forms, but modern innovations in borrowed terminology suggest that fonts should provide them for all consonants except the old vocalic letters. . ᩜ [U+1A5C TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN MA],    ᩝ [U+1A5D TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN BA] and   ᩞ [U+1A5E TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN SA] appear to be alternative shapes for the normal subjoined consonants, used per writer preference (follow the links for more information). These combining marks are in principle stored after the base consonant: the font places the glyph before the base consonant. ᩁᩮᩨ᩠ᨶ Northern Thai has approximately six million speakers, most of whom live in Thailand, with a few thousand in northwestern Laos. See the table to the right for a brief overview of features of the modern Tai Khün orthography. ᨱ  ᩠ᨱ [U+1A31 TAI THAM LETTER RANA], eg. Otherwise, the tone is input after the consonant, ie. . ᩅᩢ᩠ᨶ Some textbooks also recommend it's usee after ᨧ ᨻ ᩁ ᨽ, Northern Thai, also uses ᩲ [U+1A72 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN THAM AI], however, ᩭ [U+1A6D TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OY​] is not used in Northern Thai.u,655, Four vowel-signs appear to the left of the base consonant letter or cluster, eg. In principle, all vowel-signs are typed and stored after the base consonant, whether or not they precede it when displayed. This section brings together information about the following topics: ᩁᩮᩨ᩠ᨶ The Tai Tham script is an abugida, ie. page numbering, running headers, etc. ᨴᩢ᩠ᨦ There is a possibility that prescript vowel-signs may be stored before the consonant in future. are word final, it seems to differ from on the basis of the room available for it. Characters that produce vowel signs are all combining characters. . The origins of the Tai Dam alphabet are unknown, though the shapes of the letters suggest that they might have been modelled on the Lao and/or Thai alphabets. In this lonely self communion she seems to reas... ...r will be the subject of judicial investigation .’ ‘FOUL DEED. It represents ᨮ [U+1A2E TAI THAM LETTER HIGH RATHA]e in ᩈᨱᩛᩣ᩠ᨶ And it represents ᨻ [U+1A3B TAI THAM LETTER LOW PA] in ᩋᨾᩛ Compare with the somewhat rare subjoined form,e eg. U+1A5B TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN HIGH RATHA OR LOW PA​, U+1A5B TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN HIGH RATHA OR LOW PA, U+1A59 TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN FINAL NGA​, The default fonts used here expect the tone to be typed after a lefted vowel if there is one; after a vowel above, if there is one; before a vowel to the right; and doesn't seem to matter wrt low vowel. The glyph is not a composition.It has a Neutral East Asian Width. ᨼ [U+1A3C TAI THAM LETTER LOW FA], eg. So ᨠ [U+1A20 TAI THAM LETTER HIGH KA] is pronounced ka. the Tai Tham script.) ᩉ᩠ᨿ [U+1A49 TAI THAM LETTER HIGH HA + U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT + U+1A3F TAI THAM LETTER LOW YA]. . ᨯ  ᩠ᨯ [U+1A2F TAI THAM LETTER DA], eg. It has no width, and is treated as if it wasn't there during justification. ᩋ [U+1A4B TAI THAM LETTER A] on its own represents the standalone version of the inherent vowel, ʔa. ᨲᩫ᩠ᩅ Translation memories are created by human, but computer aligned, which might cause mistakes. –ᩦ [U+1A66 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN II], eg. using a subjoined l. Some fonts, however, don't make that distinction clear.h. The Tai Tham script (also known as Lanna, Tham and Yuan) dates back to the 12th century and is still in use in parts of China, Laos, Myanmar and Thailand for the Northern Thai (Kam Mu’ang), Tai Lü and Khün languages. Are you certain this article is inappropriate? The following tables show how Khün consonant sounds commonly map to characters or sequences of characters. With one exception, ia, Khün diphthongs all append j or w to a plain vowel. . It was first used to write Prakrit and Sanskrit. context-based shaping; The Unicode block for Khün contains 3 more tone marks, although they are rarely used. Two sets of digits are in common use: a secular set (Hora) and an ecclesiastical set (Tham). The initial glottal stop is also pronounced before independent vowels, though they are not listed here. There are about 690,000 speakers of Tai Lue. New Tai Lue is a modernization of the Lanna alphabet (also known as Tai Tham script), which is similar to the Thai alphabet, and consists of 42 initial consonant signs (21 high-tone class, 21 low-tone class), seven final consonant signs, 16 vowel signs, two tone letters and one vowel shortening letter (or syllable-final glottal stop). ᨦᩫ᩠ᨶ –᩠ᨿ– [U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT + U+1A3F TAI THAM LETTER LOW YA], eg. See the vowels section. ᨶ  ᩠ᨶ [U+1A36 TAI THAM LETTER NA], eg. ᨣ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨿ . pronouncekiwi - … Distribution of vowel elements is as follows: Characters that don't appear in the combinations: The standard way to represent vowels not preceded by a consonant in Tai Khün is to use ᩋ [U+1A4B TAI THAM LETTER A] with a vowel-sign, eg. . There is an incomplete set of independent vowels, and standalone vowel sounds are typically written using vowel-signs applied to ᩋ [U+1A4B TAI THAM LETTER A]. ᨤᩫ᩠ᨶ The following punctuation marks have "progressive values of finality". Unlike the virama in most brahmi-derived scripts, sakot doesn't necessarily kill the vowel between two consonants, nor does it create conjuncts in the sense of merged shapes. However, the Unicode Consortium is currently examining the coding model for Tai Tham. ᨡᩮᩢ᩶ᩣ The taller version is typically (Owen says only, for Khün o,152) used after ᨷ ᩅ ᨴ ᨵ ᨣand avoids confusion with otherwise similar shapes, eg. u,654 Nevertheless, the default A Tai Tham KH New font used on this page doesn't support subjoining for a number of glyphs that are supported in other fonts. unclear about the sakot, no example seen), ᩮ–᩠ᨿ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT + U+1A3F TAI THAM LETTER LOW YA], –ᩧ᩠ᨿ [U+1A67 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN UE + U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT + U+1A3F TAI THAM LETTER LOW YA], –ᩨ᩠ᨿ [U+1A68 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN UUE + U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT + U+1A3F TAI THAM LETTER LOW YA], –ᩩᨿ [U+1A69 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN U + U+1A3F TAI THAM LETTER LOW YA] (?? ᩇ  ᩠ᩇ [U+1A47 TAI THAM LETTER HIGH SSA], eg. Tai Tham is ◎ a descendent of Brahmi and Pallava ◎ a “complex script” ◎ a ‘recently’ Unicode encoded script ○ (Unicode 5.2 = 2009-OCT-01) Where is Tai Tham used? They had taken a bachelor cottage near Hampton, on the brink of the Thames, with a lawn, and a boat-house; and all things fitting, and were to ... ...7 Charles Dickens down in that district of the flat country tending to the Thames, where Kent and Surrey meet, and where the railways still be- stride... ...Miss Peecher’s tuition were half a year ahead of every other letter in the alphabet. ᩰ–ᩡ [U+1A70 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OO + U+1A61 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN A], –᩠ᩅᩫᩡ [U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT + U+1A45 TAI THAM LETTER WA + U+1A6B TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN O + U+1A61 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN A]. Excessive Violence . . The script is unusual in that any consonant in a stack can retain its inherent vowel, or be associated with a vowel-sign. ᩤ [U+1A64 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN TALL AA​] and  ᩣ [U+1A63 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN AA​] are both used to represent the same phoneme. It was also used for Lao Tham (or old Lao) and other dialect variants in Buddhist palm leaves and notebooks. Sequences of 2 subjoined characters exist, but in Tai Khün the second subjoined character joins to the right of the stack, rather than sitting below it, eg. Pronounced but not written after a short, open vowel. ᨷ  ᩠ᨷ [U+1A37 TAI THAM LETTER BA], eg. New Testament in Northern Thai Language / Thai Parallel Lanna Script / Thai Tham Script / Thailand Kam Mueang [Wycliffe Thai Foundation] on Amazon.com. World Heritage Encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the World Public Library Association, a non-profit organization. These combining characters are used to represent the second consonant in syllable-initial clusters. cʰ seems to be regarded as not a native Khün sound, but rather associated with reading the alphabet out loud and in learned pronunciation of Pali loanwords.o,142, There seems to be general agreement that initial consonant clusters are limited to kw and kʰw, although some have found other sounds in words loaned from Burmese, Sanskrit or Pali.o,142. ᩈᩮᩓ᩠ᩅ᩶ ᩼ [U+1A7C TAI THAM SIGN KHUEN-LUE KARAN] is written over a consonant (normally in final position) when that consonant is not to be pronounced. –᩠ᩅᩫ [U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT + U+1A45 TAI THAM LETTER WA + U+1A6B TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN O], eg.

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