how to stop sperm from reaching the egg

This prevents an egg from moving from the ovary through the fallopian tube where it could meet sperm, and it prevents sperm from traveling up the tube to meet the egg, preventing pregnancy. For a baby to be formed, a woman's ovum and a man's sperm must come together. Yes. IUDs should only be used by older and/or monogamous women. In order to get pregnant, you need to ovulate or release an egg from the ovary so it can be fertilized by a man’s sperm. UPA’s primary mechanism of action is thought to be inhibition or delay of ovulation.2, "IUD" redirects here. Copper is toxic to the ovum and sperm and thus the copper-bearing intrauterine device (Cu-IUD) is effective immediately after insertion and works primarily by inhibiting fertilisation.9–11 A systematic review on mechanisms of action of IUDs showed that both pre- and postfertilisation effects contribute to efficacy.11If fertilisation has already occurred, it is accepted that there is an anti-implantation effect,12,13Levonorgestrel (LNG). [46], Regardless of IUD type, there are some potential side effects that are similar for all IUDs. His trapezoid shape Lippes Loop IUD became one of the most popular first-generation IUDs. He couldn’t stop cumming onto her pretty face even when his girlfriend entred the room. IUDs are one form of long-acting reversible birth control (LARC). Each type varies in size, amount of levonorgestrel released, and duration. Women do not need to have periods regularly. A tenaculum may be used to straighten the cervix. IUDs prevent pregnancy by causing abortions. [73] Lazar C. Margulies developed the first plastic IUD using thermoplastics in the 1960s. In the United Kingdom, there are more than 10 different types of copper IUDs available. [5] Among birth control methods, IUDs, along with other contraceptive implants, result in the greatest satisfaction among users. [13] However, women can have daily spotting for several months and it can take up to three months for there to be a 90% decrease in bleeding. We use your LinkedIn profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads. Stoppage of menstruation is termed Menopause. What started as an investigation into developmental mouse biology has become a lot more than that. His device was made of silkworm gut and was not widely used. A. No egg, no pregnancy. Historically reaching weights of up to 2000 pounds (900 kg) and lengths of nearly 15 feet (4.6 m), the Atlantic bluefin tuna is the largest tuna and easily the largest species in the mackerel family. That IUD contained multifilament strings, which provided bacteria a space to grow and move up the string. Some of the prior studies that found an association between IUDs and infertility were investigating the Dalkon Shield which is no longer used. You can change your ad preferences anytime. Emergency insertion of a copper IUC is significantly more effective than the use of ECPs, reducing the risk of pregnancy following unprotected intercourse by more than 99%.2,3 This very high level of effectiveness implies that emergency insertion of a copper IUC must prevent some pregnancies after fertilization.Emergency contraceptive pillsTo make an informed choice, women must know that ECPs—like the birth control pill, patch, ring, shot, and implant,76and even like breastfeeding77—prevent pregnancy primarily by delaying or inhibiting ovulation and inhibiting fertilization, but may at times inhibit implantation of a fertilized egg in the endometrium. You don’t need a prescription to get spermicide — you can buy it over-the-counter at most drugstores, pharmacies, and superstores in the condom aisle. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Generally, the removal is uncomplicated and reported to be not as painful as the insertion because there is no instrument that needs to go through the cervix. [70][71], The history of intrauterine devices dates back to the early 1900s. IUDs that contain progestin cause the cervical mucus to thicken, which stops sperm from entering the uterus. Small flexible rod put under the skin of the upper arm. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. ", "Summary Chart of U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use", "U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2016", "Myths and facts about... the Intra-Uterine Device (IUD)", "Management of pain associated with the insertion of intrauterine contraceptives", "Long-Acting Reversible Contraception: Implants and Intrauterine Devices", "Immediate postabortal insertion of intrauterine devices", "Intrauterine Device Expulsion After Postpartum Placement", "Society of Family Planning Guidelines: Postplacental insertion of intrauterine devices", "This Is What to Expect After Getting Your IUD Removed", "Clinical guidance: emergency contraception", "Legal Current Events | Westlaw Practitioner Insights", "After One-Child Policy, Outrage at China's Offer to Remove IUDs", "One Child Policy Leaves Millions of Chinese Women With Unwanted IUDs", "IUD Birth Control | Info About Mirena & ParaGard IUDs", "Where Can I Buy the IUD & How Much Will It Cost? The sperm may also move in an unpredictable pattern that would prevent them from reaching an egg. [41], Hormonal IUDs (referred to as intrauterine systems in the UK) work by releasing a small amount of levonorgestrel, a progestin. [68] The very high effectiveness of copper-containing IUDs as emergency contraceptives implies they may also act by preventing implantation of the blastocyst. The males are larger than the females, reaching a length of up to 13 centimeters (5.1 in). Substantial pain with insertion that needs active management occurs in approximately 17% of nulliparous women and approximately 11% of parous women. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Growth. There is a condition known as. You need to take the progestogen-only pill reliably every day. The precise mode of action of levonorgestrel (LNG) is incompletely understood but it is thought to work primarily by inhibition of ovulation.16,17Ulipristal acetate (UPA). A Japanese doctor named Tenrei Ota also developed a silver or gold IUD called the Precea or Pressure Ring. Inside the ovaries are about 200,000 ova (egg cells). Pregnancy begins with implantation according to medical authorities such as the US FDA, the National Institutes of Health79 and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG).80Ulipristal acetate (UPA). The t-haplotype alleles play dirty when it comes to reaching the egg first. The minipill sometimes also suppresses ovulation. [37], Inert IUDs do not have a bioactive component. [38] They may have higher rates of preventing pregnancy after fertilization, instead of before fertilization, compared to copper or hormonal IUDs. Unlike IUDs, early interuterine devices crossed both the vagina and the uterus, causing a high rate of pelvic inflammatory disease in a time period when gonorrhea was more common. However, current models do not affect PID risk in women without sexually transmitted infections during the time of insertion. [32], Advantages of the copper IUD include its ability to provide emergency contraception up to five days after unprotected sex. Insertion timing changes the risk of IUD expulsion. The hormones in the Mirena, Kyleena, Liletta, and Skyla IUDs prevent pregnancy in two ways: 1) they thicken the mucus that lives on the cervix, which blocks and traps the sperm, and 2) the hormones also sometimes stop eggs from leaving your ovaries (called ovulation), which means there’s no egg for a sperm to fertilize. Lippes also devised the addition of the monofilament nylon string, which facilitates IUD removal. Thus, the current evidence suggests that the main mechanisms of action of IUDs occur prior to fertilization. A copper IUD prevents sperm from reaching and fertilizing the egg, and it may prevent the egg from attaching in the womb. [73] Progestasert was manufactured until 2001. Because the SSR has no string for removal, it can present a challenge to healthcare providers unfamiliar with IUD types not available in their region. Only 1 … 1. To implement the two-child policy, the government announced that IUD-removals would be paid for by the government. Copper and hormonal IUDs are at least 99% effective. [50], It is difficult to predict what a woman will experience during IUD insertion or removal. He yelled out that he was going to cum all over her face and that just drove her to a new level of ecstasy. A small probability of pregnancy remains after IUD insertion, and when it occurs there's a greater risk of ectopic pregnancy.[47]. One study has demonstrated that UP can delay ovulation.81... Another study found that UPA altered the endometrium, but whether this change would inhibit implantation is unknown.82p. An intrauterine device (IUD), also known as intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD or ICD) or coil, is a small, often T-shaped birth control device that is inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy.IUDs are one form of long-acting reversible birth control (LARC). [18][19] The use of IUDs as a form of birth control dates from the 1800s. [20], The types of intrauterine devices available, and the names they go by, differ by location. Specifically, copper acts as a spermicide within the uterus by increasing levels of copper ions, prostaglandins, and white blood cells within the uterine and tubal fluids. The procedure itself, if uncomplicated, should take no more than five to ten minutes. [34] A framed copper IUD called the IUB SCu300 coils when deployed and forms a three-dimensional spherical shape. 123:Combined emergency contraceptive pills. It is mainly available in China and Europe. If a woman does not desire pregnancy, then she does not need a period. [68][69], Copper IUDs do not contain any hormones, but release copper ions, which are toxic to sperm. At 45 to 50 years of age, the menstrual cycle stop. The contraceptive injection does … All of these actions help keep sperm from joining the egg. [12], IUDs that contain gold or silver also exist. [72], The hormonal IUD was also invented in the 1960s and 1970s; initially the goal was to mitigate the increased menstrual bleeding associated with copper and inert IUDs. The first IUD was developed in 1909 by the German physician Richard Richter, of Waldenburg. They are less effective than copper or hormonal IUDs, with a side effect profile similar to copper IUDs. [72] The manufacturer of the Mirena, Bayer AG, became the target of multiple lawsuits over allegations that Bayer failed to adequately warn users that the IUD could pierce the uterus and migrate to other parts of the body.[77]. The endometrium becomes decidualized with atrophy of the glands.65 The progestin IUD probably has two mechanisms of action: inhibition of implantation and inhibition of sperm capacitation, penetration, and survival. ... to fertilize an egg, not all sperm are alike. The primary mechanism of action is making the inside of the uterus uninhabitable for sperm. Mechanism of actionCopper-releasing IUCsWhen used as a regular or emergency method of contraception, copper-releasing IUCs act primarily to prevent fertilization. Answer: (B) ovum. This non-hormonal compound reduces the severity of menstrual bleeding, and these coils are popular. U.S. physician Howard Tatum determined that the 'T' shape would work better with the shape of the uterus, which forms a 'T' when contracted. According to the U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, women who have not had children and adolescents are classified as a category 2 for IUD use. Adolescence begins around the age of 11 A period signifies the end of a woman's body preparing for pregnancy. [39], Inert IUDs are not yet approved for use in the United States, UK, or Canada. IUDs are not solely for older and/or monogamous women. [36] In addition to copper, noble metal and progestogen IUDs; people in China can get copper IUDs with indomethacin. Very few, if any, sperm reach the ovum in the fallopian tube.The progestin-releasing IUD adds the endometrial action of the progestin to the foreign body reaction. [8] Copper devices have a failure rate of about 0.8% while hormonal (levonorgestrel) devices fail about 0.2% of the time within the first year of use. [32] It contains no hormones, so it can be used while breastfeeding, and fertility returns quickly after removal. One study found that female family planning providers choose LARC methods more often (41.7%) than the general public (12.1%). In the United States, there are two types available:[21], The WHO ATC labels both copper and hormonal devices as IUDs. [40] However, as of 2008, the most common IUD used by immigrants presenting to Canadian clinics for removal of IUDs placed in China was still the SSR. [74] His innovation allowed insertion of the IUD into the uterus without the need to dilate the cervix. They also cause the uterus and fallopian tubes to produce a fluid that contains white blood cells, copper ions, enzymes, and prostaglandins, which is also toxic to sperm. [9] In comparison, male sterilization and male condoms have a failure rate of about 0.15% and 15%, respectively. [12][30] The increased copper ions in the cervical mucus inhibit the sperm's motility and viability, preventing sperm from traveling through the cervical mucus, or destroying it as it passes through. See our Privacy Policy and User Agreement for details. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. The injection contains progestogen, which can prevent the release of an egg and stop sperm from reaching it. It is based on a nickel titanium shape memory alloy core. IUDs with progestogen confer an increased risk of ovarian cysts,[48] and IUDs with copper confer an increased risk of heavier periods. [58][59][60][61][62], During the insertion procedure, health care providers use a speculum to find the cervix (the opening to the uterus) and then use an insertion device to place the IUD in the uterus. Early treatment with ECPs containing only the progestin levonorgestrel has been show to impair the ovulatory process and luteal function.83–87p. It is the most effective form of emergency contraception available. ", Lactic acid/citric acid/potassium bitartrate, Reversible inhibition of sperm under guidance, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intrauterine_device&oldid=1004948141, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, -Levonorgestrel thickens cervical mucus to prevent sperm from reaching egg, Ovarian cysts (although they can be asymptomatic). [10] Copper IUDs can also be used as emergency contraception within 5 days of unprotected sex. Could reaching a healthy weight help me get pregnant? In the following years, many different shaped plastic IUDs were invented and marketed. The IUDs inserted in this way were modified such that they could not be removed in a doctor's office (meant to be left indefinitely), and surgical removal is usually needed. Once again, this is likely referring to the Dalkon Shield which is no longer used. [75], The invention of the copper IUD in the 1960s brought with it the capital 'T' shaped design used by most modern IUDs. The arms of the frame hold the IUD in place near the top of the uterus. An intrauterine device (IUD), also known as intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD or ICD) or coil,[3] is a small, often T-shaped birth control device that is inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. The time period when the body undergoes changes, leading to reproductive maturity is called_____. [72], Ernst Gräfenberg, another German physician (after whom the G-spot is named), created the first Ring IUD, Gräfenberg's ring, made of silver filaments. These hormones cause a girl to grow into a woman, and make her feel like a woman. It is believed that this reaction, a sterile inflammatory response, produces tissue injury of a minor degree but sufficient to be spermicidal. [72] Together, Tatum and Chilean physician Jaime Zipper discovered that copper could be an effective spermicide and developed the first copper IUD, TCu200. [22][23], -Lighter periods after 3 months; some users experience amenorrhea, Most copper IUDs have a T-shaped frame that is wound around with pure electrolytic copper wire and/or has copper collars (sleeves). A woman is supposed to have her period regularly to be healthy. In the majority of cases, IUDs work by preventing fertilization. After vaginal deliveries, insertions can be done using placental forceps, a longer inserter specialized for postpartum insertions, or manually, where the provider uses their hand to insert the IUD in the uterus. In China, where IUDs are the most common form of contraception, copper IUD production replaced inert IUD production in 1993. Women who refused could lose their government employment and their children could lose access to public schools. Ovulation is not affected, and the IUD is not an abortifacient.58–60 It is currently believed that the mechanism of action for IUDs is the production of an intrauterine environment that is spermicidal.Nonmedicated IUDs depend for contraception on the general reaction of the uterus to a foreign body. Adolescents are also calledTEENAGERS. His work was suppressed during the Nazi regime, when contraception was considered a threat to Aryan women. During sex, the semen is deposited in the vagina, usually close to the cervix , depending on the position. The researchers explained in a study, published in the journal PLOS Genetics on February 4, how a genetic factor called "t-haplotype" awards the success of reaching the egg first to sperm … We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. [49], Unlike condoms, the IUD does not protect against sexually transmitted infections. The "traditional" progestogen-only pill (POP) prevents pregnancy by thickening the mucus in the cervix to stop sperm reaching an egg. Medical. The period of life, when the body undergoes changes, In this time, thermoplastics, which can bend for insertion and retain their original shape, became the material used for first-generation IUDs. Although the Dalkon shield was removed from the market, it had a lasting, negative impact on IUD use and reputation in the United States. Copper IUDs also last longer and are available in a wider range of sizes and shapes compared to hormonal IUDs. [22][35] Other shapes of IUD include the so-called U-shaped IUDs, such as the Load and Multiload, and the frameless IUD that holds several hollow cylindrical minuscule copper beads. After cesarean deliveries, the IUD is placed in the uterus with forceps or manually during surgery prior to suturing the uterine incision.[62][59][64]. However, women should also be informed that the best available evidence indicates that ECPs prevent pregnancy by mechanisms that do not involve interference with post-fertilization events.ECPs do not cause abortion78 or harm an established pregnancy. B. senescence. Abnormally sized or shaped sperm can have difficulty reaching, penetrating, and fertilizing the egg. [6][7] Once an IUD is removed, even after long-term use, fertility returns to normal rapidly. [76] One commercial hormonal IUD which is currently available, Mirena, was also developed by Luukkainen and released in 1976. Nowadays, the IUDs include T and V shapes, the former being the most common and easiest to remove. leading to reproductive maturity, is called IUDs may also function by preventing ovulation from occurring but this only occurs partially. [43][44] Because they thin the endometrial lining, they can also reduce or even prevent menstrual bleeding. This page was last edited on 5 February 2021, at 05:47. In the United Kingdom, the term IUD refers only to these copper devices. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Unverified reports exist of larvae that live together fighting to the death if there’s not enough space or food. [65] This process requires the health care provider to find the cervix with a speculum and then use ring forceps, which only go into the vagina, to grasp the IUD strings and then pull the IUD out. [57] However, no prophylactic analgesic drug have been found to be effective for routine use for women undergoing IUD insertion. Thickens mucus in the cervix to stop sperm from reaching or fertilizing an egg Thins the lining of the uterus and partially suppresses ovulation Mirena prevents pregnancy for up to five years after insertion. Menstrual cup companies recommend that women with IUDs who are considering using menstrual cups should consult with their gynecologists before use. IUDs do not lead to infertility or make it harder for a woman to become pregnant. [6], IUDs are safe and effective in adolescents as well as those who have not previously had children. Improvements by Tatum led to the creation of the TCu380A (ParaGard), which is currently the preferred copper IUD. [14] Cramping can be treated with NSAIDs. The IUD prevents sperm from reaching the egg, from fertilizing the egg, and may prevent the egg from attaching (implanting) in the womb (uterus). [72], Jack Lippes helped begin the increase of IUD use in the United States in the late 1950s. 122:Progestin-only emergency contraceptive pills. It take some time to become regular. However, if a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell, the effect on your life may be big! 3 If fertilization of the egg does occur, the physical presence of the device prevents the fertilized egg from implanting into the lining of the uterus. Normal semen contains a minimum of 4 percent sperm … [15] More serious potential complications include expulsion (2–5%) and rarely perforation of the uterus (less than 0.7%). [31] Copper can also alter the endometrial lining, but studies show that while this alteration can prevent implantation of a fertilized egg ("blastocyst"), it cannot disrupt one that has already been implanted. The Paragard TCu 380a measures 32 mm (1.26") horizontally (top of the T), and 36 mm (1.42") vertically (leg of the T). In China, the use of IUDs by state health services was part of the government's efforts to limit birth rates. Progestogen-only pills contain the hormone progestogen, but don't contain oestrogen. [42] They can also thin the endometrial lining and potentially impair implantation but this is not their usual function. It gave rise to the idiom .mw-parser-output ruby>rt,.mw-parser-output ruby>rtc{font-feature-settings:"ruby"1;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output ruby.large{font-size:250%}.mw-parser-output ruby.large>rt,.mw-parser-output ruby.large>rtc{font-size:50%}.mw-parser-output .ruby-zh-p>rt{font-family:"Arial Unicode MS","Bitstream Cyberbit","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Lucida Sans Unicode",inherit}上环(Shànghuán) meaning "insert a loop". [16][17], The use of IUDs has increased within the United States from 0.8% in 1995 to 7.2% from the period of 2006 to 2014. IUDs as of 2008 use monofilament strings in order to prevent this from happening. ADOLESCENCE. HOW WELL DOES IT WORK? Copper IUDs have a first year failure rate ranging from 0.1 to 2.2%. to prevent sperm reaching an egg, and thins the lining of the uterus (womb) to prevent a fertilised egg implanting. [57] In such cases, NSAIDs are effective. Spermicide is a kind of birth control that has chemicals that stop sperm from reaching an egg. [63], For immediate postpartum insertion, the IUD is inserted following the removal of the placenta from the uterus. Several clinical studies have shown that combined ECPs containing ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel can inhibit or delay ovulation.107–110, How does EC work?In 2002, a judicial review ruled that pregnancy begins at implantation, not fertilisation.8 The possible mechanisms of action should be explained to the patient as some methods may not be acceptable, depending on individual beliefs about the onset of pregnancy and abortion.Copper-bearing intrauterine device (Cu-IUD). Hormonal intrauterine contraception is labeled with the term intrauterine system (IUS). It is held in place by a suture (knot) to the fundus of the uterus. Manshi 8th a science reproduction in animals, No public clipboards found for this slide, Student at Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib. [66], IUDs primarily work by preventing fertilization. There have been rare cases in which women using IUDs dislodged them when removing their menstrual cups, however, this can also happen with tampon use. The hormones or the copper stop the sperm reaching the egg. The desogestrel progestogen-only pill can also stop ovulation. The slut just smiled to her sister, stuck his now sperm-covered dick into her mouth and she hungrily engulfed it and swallowed. Their primary mechanism of action is inducing a local foreign body reaction, which makes the uterine environment hostile both to sperm and to implantation of an embryo. [82][clarification needed] The price includes medical exams, insertion, and follow-up visits. 22. [11], Although copper IUDs may increase menstrual bleeding and result in painful cramps,[12] hormonal IUDs may reduce menstrual bleeding or stop menstruation altogether. [45], The progestin released by hormonal IUDs primarily acts locally; use of Mirena results in much lower systemic progestin levels than other very-low-dose progestogen only contraceptives. The insertion device goes through the cervix. Medications known as fertility drugs can stimulate the ovaries to release multiple oocytes during a menstrual cycle. IUDs affect the way sperm move and survive in the uterus, stopping these cells from reaching and fertilising the ovum (egg). [13][15] IUDs do not affect breastfeeding and can be inserted immediately after delivery. and last up to 18 or 19 years. The copper-bearing IUD acts as a spermicide, killing or impairing sperm so they cannot reach the egg. [78] IUD removals are free for women "who are allowed to have another child" (see one-child policy) or "who cannot continue to have the IUD for health reasons. IUDs do not cause increased infection. [57], IUD insertion can occur at multiple timepoints in a woman's reproductive lifespan: 1) interval insertion, the most common, occurs remote from pregnancy; 2) post-abortion or post-miscarriage insertion occurs following an abortion or miscarriage when the uterus is known to be empty; 3) postpartum insertion occurs after a woman gives birth either immediately, while the woman is still in the hospital, or delayed, up to 6-weeks following delivery, following either vaginal delivery or cesarean delivery. IUD placement and removal can be taught both by manufacturers and other training facilities. The first model, Progestasert, was conceived of by Antonio Scommegna and created by Tapani J. V. Luukkainen, but the device only lasted for one year of use. 12. [33] It works by preventing fertilization or implantation but does not affect already implanted embryos. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. The larva of the Atlas beetle is known for its fierce behavior, including biting if touched. Looks like you’ve clipped this slide to already. They are made of inert materials like stainless steel (such as the stainless steel ring (SSR), a flexible ring of steel coils that can deform to be inserted through the cervix) or plastic (such as the Lippes Loop, which can be inserted through the cervix in a cannula and takes a trapezoidal shape within the uterus). [1] A previous model known as the Dalkon shield was associated with an increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). The first menstrual flow begins at puberty is termed as Menarche. D. zygote. Under the Affordable Care Act, most insurance plans are required to cover all forms of birth control, including IUDs, though they may not cover all IUD brands.[83]. For other uses, see, Form of birth control involving a device placed in the uterus, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, "Effectiveness of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception", "New Study Finds Women's Health Providers Use IUDs More Than Any Other Method of Birth Control", "A review of barriers and myths preventing the more widespread use of intrauterine contraception in nulliparous women", "Contraception Editorial January 2008: Reducing Unintended Pregnancy in the United States", "Intrauterine contraceptive insertion postabortion: a systematic review", "Society of Family Planning clinical recommendations: contraception after surgical abortion", "Products - Data Briefs - Number 188 - February 2015", "Popularity Disparity: Attitudes About the IUD in Europe and the United States", "Hormonally impregnated intrauterine systems (IUSs) versus other forms of reversible contraceptives as effective methods of preventing pregnancy", "ParaGard intrauterine copper contraceptive", "Mirena: Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system", "Syla: levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system", "Liletta: levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system", "Kyleena: Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system", "Mechanisms of the Contraceptive Action of Hormonal Methods and Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)", "Copper-T intrauterine device and levonorgestrel intrauterine system: biological bases of their mechanism of action", "Facts are Important: Emergency Contraception (EC) and Intrauterine Devices (IUDs) are Not Abortifacients", American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, "The efficacy of intrauterine devices for emergency contraception: a systematic review of 35 years of experience", "Nova T380 Patient information leaflet (PIL)", "Intrauterine devices and intrauterine systems", "Levonorgestrel-IUS system and endometrial manipulation", "What Are the Side Effects & Complications of the IUD?

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